| Sažetak | Penologija je znanost koja se bavi dimenzijama kažnjavanja, pa se bavi i različitim sustavima kažnjavanja, izvršavanjem kaznenih sankcija, ograničavanjem ljudskih prava i sloboda, te istraživanjem i uvidom u penalne sustave u kazneno-pravnom sustavu i povezivanjem teorije s praksom. Svrha i način kažnjavanja kroz povijest se mijenjala, od samih početaka kada je zajednica sama regulirala pravila do preuzimanja te funkcije od strane države. Od zastrašivanja i ispaštanja razvojem društva ide se u smjeru humanizacije, jednakosti i zakonitosti, te na koncu individualizacije i resocijalizacije pojedinca za funkcioniranje u društvu. Završni rad obrađuje temu sistema zatvora Gulag u Savezu Sovjetskih Socijalističkih Republika, čiji su radni kampovi u velikom broju bili prostorno rašireni diljem Saveza, te je kroz njih prošlo oko 50 milijuna ljudi. Povijest govori o nehumanom pristupu državnog aparata na svim razinama procesa. Procesi suđenja nisu bili bazirani na zakonitom postupku, s malom šansom za dokazivanjem nevinosti, pa je teško zaključiti koliko ih je bilo nevino osuđeno i poslano na služenje kazne. Vrlo teški uvjeti života, nedostatak hrane i vode, zanemarivanje psihičkog i fizičkog zdravlja, težak rad i zlostavljanja od strane tajne policije, čuvara i samih zatvorenika počinju već od hapšenja, suđenja i transfera do dolaska u kampove i samog odsluživanja kazne, te su mnogi osuđenici izgubili život u raznim fazama ovog procesa. Resocijalizacija osuđenika nije nikako bila rezultat ovog zatvorskog sustava već su nakon kazne bili etiketirani i nisu smjeli raditi određene poslove ili živjeti u velikim gradovima. Vidi se i začarani krug jer su se djeca zatvorenika, koja su nakon nekoliko godina slani u sirotišta, često vraćala u kampove kao osuđenici. Nejednakost je bila prisutna na svim razinama jer je formalna organizacija sustava vođena preko administracije kampova putem neformalne organizacije vođene težim kriminalcima uvjetovala da najteže uvjete života, tj. teži poslovi, manje hrane i vode, maltretiranje i silovanje, imaju najniže razine hijerarhije tog sustava, odnosno politički zatvorenici, žene, stariji, maloljetni i bolesni zatvorenici, te djeca zatvorenika. Postojalo je više takvih zatvorskih sustava u to vrijeme i u drugim državama, a nažalost neki su se održali i do danas. Iako su se većina suvremenih kazneno-pravnih sustava uveliko promijenila do danas u pogledu procesa suđenja, prava okrivljenika i osuđenika, svrhe i načina kažnjavanja. |
| Sažetak (engleski) | Penology is a science that deals with the dimensions of punishment, and also deals with different systems of punishment, enforcement of criminal sanctions, restriction of human rights and freedom, research and insight into penal systems in the criminal justice system and linking theory with practice. The purpose and means of punishment throughout history has changed, from the very beginning when the community itself regulated the rules until the state took over this function. With the development of society going from intimidation and suffering in the direction of humanization, equality and legality, and ultimately to the individualization and re-socialization of the individual for functioning in society. This paper addresses the topic of the Gulag prison system in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, whose work camps have been widely distributed throughout the Union, with an estimated 50 million people passing through them. History speaks of the inhumane approach of the state apparatus at all levels of the process. The trial processes were not based on lawful procedures, with little chance of proving innocence, so it is difficult to conclude how many were innocently convicted and sent to serve their sentence. Very difficult living conditions, lack of food and water, neglect of mental and physical health, hard work and abuse by the secret police, guards and prisoners themselves beginning from arrest, trial and transfer to camps and serving their sentence, and many convicts lost their lives at various stages of this process. The re-socialization of the convicts was by no means a result of this prison system, but after sentence they were labeled and were not allowed to do certain jobs or live in big cities. One can also see the vicious circle because the children of prisoners, who were sent to orphanages after several years, often returned to the camps as convicts. Inequality was present at all levels because the formal organization of the system managed by the administration of camps through an informal organization managed by serious criminals made the most difficult living conditions, i.e. heavy jobs, less food and water, harassment and rape, the lowest levels of the hierarchy of that system, that is, political prisoners, women, the elderly, juveniles and sick prisoners, and children of prisoners. There were several such prison systems in other countries at that time, and unfortunately, some have continued to this day. Although most modern criminal justice systems have changed considerably to date with regard to the trial process, the rights of defendants and convicts, the purpose and means of punishment. |
