Title Normativna i empirijska analiza obiteljskog nasilja u Hrvatskoj: kaznenopravni koncepti, kriminološki fenomeni, praktični izazovi i moguća rješenja Title (english) Normative and empirical analysis of domestic violence in Croatia: criminal law concepts, criminological phenomena, practical challenges and possible solutions Author Petra Šprem Mentor Anna-Maria Getoš Kalac (mentor)Committee member Leo Cvitanović (predsjednik povjerenstva)Granter University of Zagreb Defense date and country 2023-04-19, Croatia Scientific / art field, SOCIAL SCIENCES Universal decimal classificationUDC ) 343/344 - Criminal law Abstract Fundamentalni znanstveni i javni diskurs o obiteljskom nasilju posljednjih nekoliko desetljeća
doživio je kopernikanski obrat – od gotovo nevidljiva privatna fenomena, obiteljsko nasilje u 20.
stoljeću dobiva svoj sve vidljiviji javni sadržaj, ali i formu te postaje fenomen vrijedan znanstvene
pažnje i (kriminalno) političkog fokusa. Tome u velikoj mjeri doprinosi opći pokret za građanska
prava i s njim povezani građanski pokret za promicanje prava žena, koji označavaju paradigmatsku
promjenu sa snažnim fokusom na zaštitu žrtve obiteljskoga nasilja. Relativna konceptualna nezrelost
navedenoga fenomena prouzročila je izvjesnu konfuziju pri definiranju obiteljskoga nasilja. Pri tome
njegovo obilježje kao 'društvenoga' fenomena, zbog čega snažno ovisi o kulturološkim obrascima i
vrijednosno je determinirano, predstavlja značajnu prepreku u jednoznačnom utvrđivanju njegova
sadržaja. S obzirom na okolnost kako je upravo konceptualizacija određenoga fenomena preduvjet
njegove adekvatne normiranosti i stvaranja optimalne strategije njegova suzbijanja, predmetni će rad
uvodno razraditi te zatim ovladati navedenim konceptualnim i terminološkim izazovima.
Promjena u percepciji obiteljskoga nasilja popraćena je i normativnim promjenama koje na globalnoj
razini odlikuje hipernormiranost sa snažnim fokusom na zaštiti žena, dok je na tuzemnoj razini
obilježena stanovitom normativnom disonancom i brojnim praktičnim izazovima. Rad ima za cilj
analizirati normativni razvoj obiteljskoga nasilja u Republici Hrvatskoj s fokusom na detekciji
ključnih nedostataka aktualnoga normativnog okvira koji karakterizira dihotomija predmetnoga
fenomena na prekršajni i kazneni oblik. Ključni nedostatak netom spomenutoga pravnog okvira
očitovao se u njegovoj praktičnoj primjeni kao posljedica nejasnih kriterija primjenom kojih bi se
slučajevi obiteljskoga nasilja nedvosmisleno označili kao prekršaj ili pak kazneno djelo. Nejasnoća u
definiranju navedenog razgraničenja ima upitnu opravdanost na znanstvenoj razini, a nameće i pitanje
doprinosi li takav model optimalnoj zaštiti žrtava obiteljskoga nasilja ili je pak puki odraz penalnog
populizma te pogrešne predodžbe o tome kako će snažnija normiranost doprinijeti efikasnijoj
prevenciji i boljoj zaštiti žrtava, a time i društva u cjelini.
Posebno poglavlje rada posvećeno je komparativnom prikazu normativnog uređenja obiteljskoga
nasilja s ciljem analize pravnih modela zaštite od istoga, a koji prikaz može poslužiti kao alat za
osmišljavanje boljih zakonodavnih rješenja. Pitanje adekvatnosti hrvatskoga pravnog okvira za borbu
protiv obiteljskoga nasilja došlo je u središte javnog diskursa i 2018. godine, kada je Republika
Hrvatska ratificirala tzv. Istanbulsku konvenciju, stoga je analizi iste posvećeno posebno poglavlje.
Osim navedene konvencije, za hrvatske će sudove, ali i zakonodavca, važnu ulogu i dalje imati praksa
ESLJP, stoga je dio rada posvećen analizi europskih standarda. Normativno analitički dio rada
završava kriminološkom analizom empirijskih pokazatelja obiteljskoga nasilja u Republici Hrvatskoj
koja nudi uvid u osnovne fenomenološke odrednice tog fenomena i analizu statističkih podataka
povezanih s praksom kažnjavanja istoga.
Empirijsko-istraživački i ključni dio rada sadrži prikaz, analizu i sintezu rezultata izvorno
osmišljenoga istraživanja kojim se provjeravaju dvije centralne hipoteze rada: U praktičnom
postupanju u predmetima obiteljskoga nasilja ne postoje jasni i ujednačeni kriteriji razgraničenja
i obiteljskoga nasilja kao prekršaja ili kaznenoga djela (H1) te aktualni normativni okvir predviđen za
obiteljsko nasilje u Republici Hrvatskoj nema svoje uporište u znanstvenoj opravdanosti niti
predstavlja najadekvatniji način zaštite žrtava obiteljskoga nasilja (H2).
Sljedeće poglavlje rada ponudit će normativna rješenja de lege ferenda, kao i prijedloge za
unapređenje kriminalpolitičkog okvira i znanstveno-istraživačkog pristupa nasilju u obitelji.
Navedena rješenja odraz su analiziranih teorijskih spoznaja, komparativnih modela i empirijskih
podataka uz uvažavanje fenomenoloških specifičnosti kriminološkog i viktimološkog konteksta
obiteljskoga nasilja u Republici Hrvatskoj. Doktorski rad završava zaključnim razmatranjima o
obiteljskom nasilju.
Abstract (english) The fundamental scientific and public discourse on domestic violence has experienced a certain
Copernican revolution in the last few decades ‒ from an almost invisible phenomenon seen merely
as private matter, domestic violence gained its more noticeable content and form in the 20th century,
ultimately becoming a phenomenon worthy of both scientific attention and political focus. The civil
rights movement and the associated women’s liberation movement, which constitutes a fundamental
paradigm shift in focusing strongly on protecting victims of domestic violence, greatly contributed to
such an understanding. The relative immaturity of the mentioned phenomenon (in terms of its
chronological conceptualization) has caused a certain amount of confusion when trying to
conceptualize and define domestic violence, while its characteristic as a ‘social’ phenomenon makes
it strongly dependant on cultural patterns and moral values, thus representing a significant obstacle
in the unequivocal determination of its content. However, given the fact that conceptualising a certain
phenomenon is a prerequisite for its adequate standardization and for creating an optimal strategy for
its suppression, the challenges deriving from the above mentioned will be elaborated in the
introduction of this thesis.
The change in perception of domestic violence is also accompanied by normative changes, which are
characterized, at a global level, by overregulation with a strong focus on protecting women; at the
domestic level the change is visible through normative dissonance and numerous practical challenges
associated with it. The aim of this thesis is to offer an overview of the normative development of
domestic violence in the Republic of Croatia with a focus on detecting main deficiencies of the current
normative framework, which is characterized by a dichotomy of the subject phenomenon between its
misdemeanour and criminal form. The main deficiency of the aforementioned legal framework was
manifested through its practical application, in terms of the lack of clear criteria by which cases of
domestic violence would be clearly and unequivocally marked either as a misdemeanour or as a
criminal offense. Such a normative approach has questionable justification on a scientific level and
also raises the question of whether such a choice of model contributes to a greater protection of
victims of domestic violence or whether it is a mere expression of penal populism and erroneous ideas
about how numerous regulations will contribute to a more adequate prevention and better protection.
A special chapter of this thesis is devoted to a comparative presentation of the normative regulation
of domestic violence with the aim of analysing legal models of protection against violence, which
can serve as a useful tool for designing new and different legislative solutions. The question of
adequacy of the Croatian legal framework for combating domestic violence came to the centre of
public discourse again in 2018, when the Republic of Croatia ratified the so-called Istanbul
Convention. The practice of the European Court of Human Rights will continue to play a much more
important role for the Croatian courts, as well as the legislator and, therefore, an additional chapter
of this thesis is devoted to the analysis of European standards. The normative-analytical part of this
thesis concludes with a criminological analysis of domestic violence, offering an insight into the basic
phenomenological determinants of this phenomenon in the Republic of Croatia, as well as statistical
data related to sentencing practice in domestic violence cases.
The empirical part of this thesis contains a synthesis and an analysis of the results of the originally
designed research, which seeks to verify two hypotheses: When dealing with cases of domestic
violence in practice, there is not a clear and uniform set of criteria for determining whether domestic
violence should be categorised as a misdemeanour or as a criminal offense (H1) and the current
normative framework provided for domestic violence in the Republic of Croatia does not have its
stronghold in scientific justification, nor does it represent an adequate way of protecting victims of
domestic violence (H2).
Following chapter of this thesis will offer normative solutions de lege ferenda as well as pro futuro
solutions for criminal policy and research improvement. Such solutions are based on analysed
theoretical considerations, comparative models and empirical findings of the conducted research,
while respecting the phenomenological particularities of the criminological and victimological
context of domestic violence in the Republic of Croatia. The doctoral thesis ends with concluding
remarks on domestic violence.
Keywords
obiteljsko nasilje
ne bis in idem
obitelj
nasilje
Istanbulska konvencija
nasilje nad ženama
nasilje među intimnim partnerima
fenomenologija obiteljskoga nasilja
zakon o zaštiti od nasilja u obitelji
Keywords (english)
domestic violence
ne bis in idem
family
violence
Istanbul Convention
violence against women
intimate partner violence
phenomenology of domestic violence
Law on domestic violence protection
Language croatian URN:NBN urn:nbn:hr:199:072528 Promotion 2023 Study programme Title: Criminal Law (Postgraduate doctoral study programme in Legal Sciences) Type of resource Text File origin Born digital Access conditions Open access Terms of use Created on 2023-04-20 08:48:51
