Zajam u rimskom pravu s osvrtom na uređenje u suvremenom hrvatskom pravu

master's thesis

• Title (english): Loan (Mutuum) in Roman Law with the Review of Its Regulation in Contemporary Croatian Law
• Author: Đivo Đivanović
• Mentor: Tomislav Karlović (mentor)
• Committee member: Tomislav Karlović (predsjednik povjerenstva)
• Committee member: Ivan Kosnica (član povjerenstva)
• Committee member: Henrik-Riko Held (član povjerenstva)
• Granter: University of Zagreb; Faculty of Law; (Roman Law); Zagreb
• Defense date and country: 2024-11-11, Croatia
• Scientific / art field, discipline and subdiscipline: SOCIAL SCIENCES; Law

Abstract

Zajam odnosno mutuum važan je ugovor rimskog prava. To je realan ugovor zajedno sa ostavom (depositum), posudbom (commodatum) i ugovorom o ručnom zalogu (pignus). Glavno obilježje realnih ugovora je da obveza nastaje neformalnom predajom stvari dužniku i ta stvar postaje njegova imovina. Takvim prijenosom nastaje za dužnika obveza povrata te iste stvari ili istovrsnih stvari. Konkretno, zajam je ugovor koji nastaje tako što zajmodavac predaje zajmoprimcu određenu količinu novca ili drugih zamjenjivih stvari u vlasništvo, a zajmoprimac se obvezuje da će mu vratiti jednaku količinu stvari iste vrste (idem genus). Također bitno je istaknuti da je zajam jednostranoobvezni ugovor u kojem je zajmodavac vjerovnik, a zajmoprimac je dužnik. Osim toga to je i negotium stricti iuris. Da bi dobio pozajmljenu stvar natrag, zajmodavac je mogao upotrijebiti actio (condictio) certae creditae pecuniae ako je predmet zajma bio novac, a ako su predmet zajma bile druge stvari onda je mogao koristiti condictio certae rei ili kako je Justinijan nazvao condictio triticaria. Zajmodavac je morao dokazati da je predao zajam zajmoprimcu, a zajmoprimac bi mu izdao zadužnicu. Budući da je zajam negotium stricti iuris dužnik je obvezan vratiti samo glavnicu te po rimskom pravu nije morao platiti ugovorne i zatezne kamate. Neformalni uglavak odnosno pakt o kamatama uz zajam nije se mogao utužiti. Ukoliko su stranke uz zajam željele ugovoriti i utužiti kamate sklapao se posebni verbalni ugovor (stipulatio usurarum). Vjerovnik je tada koristio dvije tužbe. Jednom bi utužio glavnicu (sors), a drugom kamate u obliku stipulacije. Tako se razvila praksa da i obveza na vraćanje glavnice i na plaćanje kamata budu u obliku stipulacije. Za nenovčane zajmove dakle za zajmove čiji predmet nije bio novac nego druge zamjenjive stvari priznavala se kamatna obveza nudo pactu. Posebna vrsta zajma u Rimu bio je pomorski zajam odnosno fenus nauticum i o njemu će također biti riječi u ovom radu. Uz temeljne karakteristike zajma u rimskom pravu, u radu će se analizirati i zajam u suvremenom hrvatskom pravu.

Abstract (english)

Loan or mutuum is a very important contract in Roman law. Along with deposit (depositum), loan for use (commodatum) and pledge (pignus) it is a real contract. The main feature of real contract is that the obligation arises from the informal delivery of an item to the debtor and that item is now into debtor’s property. Such a transfer creates an obligation to return the same item or items of the same kind. Specifically, loan is a contract that arises when the lender transfers ownership of a certain amount of money or other fungible items to the borrower, who agrees to return an equal number of items of the same kind (idem genus). It is also a very important to emphasize that a loan is a unilateral contract in which the lender is a creditor and the borrower is a debtor. Additionally, it is a negotium stricti iuris. To enforce their claim the creditor could use actio (condictio certae creditae pecuniae) if the object of obligation was money or he could use condictio certae rei or as Justinian called it condictio triticaria if the object of obligation were other items. The lender had to prove that the loan was given to the borrower and the borrower would issue him a promissory note. Since a loan is a negotium stricti iuris, the debtor was obliged to return only the principal amount and under the Roman law was not required to pay contractual or default interest. An informal agreement or pact on interest with the loan could not be enforced. If interest was to be agreed upon and enforced with the loan, a separate verbal contract (stipulatio usurarum) was made. The creditor would than sue for the principal (sors) with one lawsuit and for the interest in the form of stipulation with another. This practice developed so that the obligation to return the principle and pay interest would both be in the form of stipulation. A special type of loan in Rome was maritime loan or fenus nauticum which will also be discussed in this paper. Along with the fundamental characteristics of loans in Roman law, the paper will also analyse loans in contemporary Croatian law.

• Keywords: zajam (mutuum); negotium stricti iuris; realni ugovor; jednostranoobvezni ugovor; kamate; kamatna stopa; pomorski zajam (fenus nauticum); rimsko pravo; suvremeno hrvatsko pravo.
• Keywords (english): loan (mutuum); negotium stricti iuris; real contract; unilateral contract; interest; interest rate; maritime loan (fenus nauticum); Roman law; contemporary Croatian law.
• Language: croatian
• URN:NBN: urn:nbn:hr:199:533378
• Study programme: Title: Law; Study programme type: university; Study level: integrated undergraduate and graduate; Academic / professional title: sveučilišni magistar/magistrica prava (sveučilišni magistar/magistrica prava)
• Type of resource: Text
• File origin: Born digital
• Access conditions: Open access
• Created on: 2024-11-26 13:43:54