| Abstract | Suvremeni nogomet javlja se sredinom 19. stoljeća u engleskim školama. Od tada pa do danas, od slobodne aktivnosti namijenjene isključivo za zabavu, nogomet postaje masovna tiskara svjetskih valuta. Premda još uvijek ima vlastitu svrhu izvan profesionalnog ogranka, u ovom radu bavit ćemo se upravo tim segmentom. Komercijalizacija nogometa kao sporta privukla je raznorazne situirane aktere koji žele postati dijelom „najbitnije sporedne stvari na svijetu“. Nekolicina iz ljubavi prema klubu, neki isključivo radi monetizacije a neki zbog prestiža. Država, a napose i zakonodavac, ne bi trebali ni razmišljati o motivima potencijalnih klupskih vlasnika, već pravovremenom regulatornom intervencijom spriječiti potencijalne zlouporabe i samovlast. Pravnim propisima poželjno je stvoriti progresivno i konkurentno okruženje uz zadržavanje klupskog identiteta i uske veze s članovima, jer nogomet postoji radi navijača, zar ne?
Upravo iz tog razloga, tema ovog rada pravni su oblici profesionalnih nogometnih klubova u Hrvatskoj i Europi. Kompleksan je spoj profesionalni nogomet i nije pravni oblik jedino ono što determinira njegovu uspješnost, ali od nečega se mora krenuti. Rad započinje prikazom takozvane „piramidalne strukture nogometa“ kako bi se lakše razumjela organiziranost sporta kroz hijerarhijsku strukturu. Nadalje, upravo takav oblik omogućava krovnoj organizaciji (FIFA-i) nesmetano provođenje autonomnog, naddržavnog prava. S obzirom na to da autonomija poznaje svoje granice, i to u obliku nacionalnog zakonodavstva, u nastavku se obrađuje hrvatski Zakon o sportu koji propisuje isključivu mogućnost osnivanja nogometnog kluba u obliku udruge ili dioničkog društva. Dalje se definira pravni oblik, udruga i dioničko društvo te prikazuje njihova primjena na primjeru dva hrvatska najtrofejnija kluba – Dinamo (udruga) i Hajduk (s.d.d.). Nakon obrade pravnih oblika u Hrvatskoj, prelazi se na ostale 3 najpoznatije, a po pravnim oblicima karakteristične, lige u Europi. Prvo se obrađuje pravno uređenje nogometnih klubova u Njemačkoj pod okriljem pravila 50 + 1% koje je propisano statutom Njemačkog nogometnog saveza te njegove iznimke (Lex Leverkusen). Uz to, prikazuje se struktura Borussije Dortmund kao primjer komanditnog društva. Zatim se prelazi na španjolsku ligu, čiji Zakon o sportu 1990. dokida dotadašnju praksu uređivanja klubova u obliku udruga te propisuje obvezatan pravni oblik sportskoga dioničkog društva. Međutim, kao i na primjeru Njemačke, i tu postoje iznimke pa određeni klubovi s istaknutim regionalnim identitetom zadržavaju oblik udruge utemeljene na članskom (socios; jedan član – jedan glas) modelu upravljanja. Kao primjer udruge prikazuje se struktura Barcelone, dok se Atletico Madrid uzima za primjer sportskoga dioničkog društva. Naposljetku, prikazuje se pravno uređenje klubova u Engleskoj koje je uvelike determinirano trendom privatnog vlasništva u klubovima Premier lige. Budući da je Premier liga najunosnija liga svijeta, ističe se financijski aspekt i objašnjava unutrašnja struktura tamošnjih klubova. |
| Abstract (english) | Modern football emerged in the mid-19th century in English schools. From then until today, what began as a recreational activity intended purely for entertainment has transformed into a massive generator of global currency. Although football still serves a purpose beyond its professional branch, this paper focuses on that particular segment. The commercialization of football as a sport has attracted various affluent actors who wish to become part of "the most important unimportant thing in the world." Some are motivated by love for the club, others purely for monetization, and some for prestige. The state, particularly legislators, should not concern themselves with the motives of potential club owners but should, through timely regulatory intervention, prevent potential abuses and autocracy. It is desirable that legal regulations create a progressive and competitive environment while maintaining club identity and close ties with members, because football exists for the fans, doesn’t it?
For this reason, the topic of this paper is the legal forms of professional football clubs in Croatia and Europe. Professional football is a complex entity, and its success is not solely determined by its legal form, but one must start somewhere. The paper begins with an overview of the so-called "pyramid structure of football" to better understand the organization of the sport through its hierarchical structure. Furthermore, this structure allows the governing body (FIFA) to smoothly implement autonomous, supranational law. Since autonomy has its limits, especially in the form of national legislation, the Croatian Sports Act is discussed, which stipulates that a football club can only be founded as an association or a joint-stock company. The legal forms of associations and joint-stock companies are then defined, and their application is illustrated through Croatia's two most successful clubs—Dinamo (association) and Hajduk (joint-stock company).
After covering the legal forms in Croatia, the paper moves on to the three most well-known leagues in Europe, each distinguished by its specific legal forms. First, the legal regulation of football clubs in Germany is discussed under the rule of "50 + 1%" as mandated by the statute of the German Football Association, along with its exceptions (Lex Leverkusen). Additionally, the structure of Borussia Dortmund is presented as an example of a limited partnership. The paper then moves on to the Spanish league, where the 1990 Sports Law abolished the previous practice of organizing clubs as associations, making the formation of sports joint-stock companies mandatory. However, as in Germany, exceptions exist, and certain clubs with strong regional identities retain the association form based on the membership (socios; one member – one vote) governance model. The structure of Barcelona is presented as an example of an association, while Atletico Madrid serves as an example of a sports joint-stock company.
Finally, the legal framework of clubs in England is discussed, which has largely been shaped by the trend of private ownership in Premier League clubs. Given that the Premier League is the most profitable league in the world, the financial aspect is emphasized, and the internal structure of these clubs is explained. |
