Title Status izvanbračne djece u rimskom pravu s osvrtom na suvremeno hrvatsko pravno uređenje Title (english) Status of the illegitimate children in Roman law with the review of contemporary Croatian legal regulation Author Marijana Paškalin Mentor Tomislav Karlović (mentor)Committee member Tomislav Karlović (predsjednik povjerenstva)Committee member Tena Hoško (član povjerenstva)Committee member Henrik-Riko Held (član povjerenstva)Granter University of Zagreb Defense date and country 2024-09-10, Croatia Scientific / art field, SOCIAL SCIENCES Abstract U rimskom pravnom sustavu okolnosti rođenja bile su ključne za pravni status djeteta. Dijete rođeno u valjanom rimskom braku slijedilo je pravni položaj oca, dolazilo je pod njegovu patria potestas i postajalo njegovim zakonskim nasljednikom. Suprotno tome, pravni status izvanbračne djece bio je znatno drukčiji. Djeca rođena izvan braka slijedila su pravni status majke, smatralo se da nemaju oca, te nisu imala pravo na očevo ime, zaštitu i druge povlastice koje su pripadale djeci rođenoj u zakonitom braku. Također, zbog društvene važnosti braka, često su bila stigmatizirana. Djeca rođena u valjanom braku dolazila bi pod očevu patria potestas samim činom rođenja. S druge strane, izvanbračna djeca mogla su doći pod očevu vlast isključivo pravnim poslom nakon rođenja – posvojenjem ili pozakonjenjem (legitimatio). Pozakonjenje izvanbračne djece moglo je biti ostvareno na tri temeljna načina – legitimatio per subsequens matrimonium, legitimatio per oblationem curiae, te legitimatio per rescriptum principis, koji su detaljno obrazloženi u radu. Položaj izvanbračne djece u pogledu prava nasljeđivanja također se razlikovao od položaja djece rođene u braku. Izvanbračna djeca nisu imala zakonsko pravo nasljeđivanja oca jer nisu bila pod njegovom vlasti. Mogla su nasljeđivati samo ako im je otac izričito ostavio imovinu u oporuci. Ni glede majke nisu bila u puno boljem položaju, odnosno zakonsko pravo nasljeđivanja majke, ispred njezinih agnatskih srodnika, stekla su tek u carsko doba. U suvremenom hrvatskom pravnom sustavu razlika između djece rođene u braku i izvanbračne djece u potpunosti je eliminirana. Jedina razlika između djece rođene u braku i one rođene izvan braka je u načinu utvrđivanja očinstva. Bračno očinstvo se presumira, dok se očinstvo djeteta rođenog izvan braka utvrđuje priznanjem ili sudskom presudom. No, jednom kad je očinstvo izvanbračnog djeteta utvrđeno, dijete ostvaruje sva prava prema ocu, dolazi do pravno formiranog odnosa roditelja i djeteta.
Abstract (english) In the Roman legal system, the circumstances of birth were crucial for the legal status of a child. A child born within a valid Roman marriage automatically followed the legal status of the father, came under his patria potestas, and became his legal heir. In contrast, the legal status of illegitimate children was significantly different. Children born out of wedlock followed the legal status of the mother, were considered to have no father, and did not have rights to the father’s name, protection, or other privileges afforded to children born within a legal marriage. Additionally, due to the social importance of marriage, they were often stigmatized. Children born within a valid marriage were subject to the father's patria potestas by virtue of their birth. On the other hand, illegitimate children could come under the father’s authority only through legal actions taken after birth—such as adoption or legitimatio. Legitimation of illegitimate children could be achieved through three fundamental methods: legitimatio per subsequens matrimonium, legitimatio per oblationem curiae, and legitimatio per rescriptum principis, which are described in more detail. The status of illegitimate children regarding inheritance rights also differed from that of children born within marriage. Illegitimate children did not have a statutory right to inherit from the father because they were not under his authority. They could only inherit if the father explicitly bequeathed property to them in a will. The situation was not much different concerning their mother as the legal right of inheritance of mother’s estate, taking precedence over her agnatic relatives, was established only during the imperial era. In the contemporary Croatian legal system, the distinction between children born within marriage and those born out of wedlock has been completely eliminated. The only difference now lies in the method of establishing paternity. Marital paternity is presumed, whereas paternity of a child born out of wedlock is established through acknowledgment or court ruling. However, once the paternity of an illegitimate child is legally confirmed, the child gains all rights with respect to the father, and a legally recognized parent-child relationship is established.
Keywords
izvanbračna djeca
rimsko pravo
pravo nasljeđivanja
legitimatio
pozakonjenje
pravni status djeteta
Keywords (english)
illegitimate children
roman law
inheritance rights
legitimatio
legitimation
legal status of a child
Language croatian URN:NBN urn:nbn:hr:199:640805 Study programme Title: Law Type of resource Text File origin Born digital Access conditions Open access Terms of use Created on 2024-09-16 08:53:48
