| Abstract | Seksualno uznemiravanje složen je problem koji često ostaje nezapažen, a njegove posljedice se često umanjuju, stvarajući strah i sram kod žrtve, što žrtve sprječava da progovore i podijele svoje iskustvo. Seksualno uznemiravanje na radnom mjestu također je raširen problem koji prelazi kulturne, pravne i zemljopisne granice, predstavljajući globalni problem koji, unatoč tome što je kriminaliziran u mnogim sustavima, nastavlja postojati s istim intenzitetom. Seksualno uznemiravanje tako ostaje problem koji utječe na pojedince u različitim industrijama i profesijama unatoč brojnim zakonima i politikama koje su namijenjene njegovu iskorjenjivanju, što sugerira da je ustrajnost ovog problema rezultat interakcije različitih faktora. Iz navedenih razloga, svrha ovog rada je naglasiti važnost faktora koji često ostaju zanemareni prilikom rasprave o ovom problemu, a koji su odlučujući u činjenici da uporno opstaje. Seksualno uznemiravanje na radnom mjestu ne opstaje zbog nedostatka pravnih okvira ili organizacijskih politika, koje doista postoje na nacionalnoj, EU, kao i na međunarodnoj razini, već zbog društvenih stavova i normi koje doprinose normalizaciji takvog ponašanja. Ustrajnost seksualnog uznemiravanja na radnom mjestu primarno je pod utjecajem duboko ukorijenjenih rodnih stereotipa o ulogama žena i muškaraca, i s tim u vezi, dinamike moći koja je u samoj osnovi ovog ponašanja. Takvi društveni stavovi i norme dovode do stvaranja okruženja u kojem mjere uvedene posebno u svrhu borbe protiv seksualnog uznemiravanja nisu adekvatno provođene, zbog nedostatka razumijevanja navedenog problema, kako na društvenoj tako i na individualnoj razini. Spomenuto rezultira time da takvi duboko ukorijenjeni stavovi i norme znatno pridonose ustrajnosti seksualnog uznemiravanja na radnom mjestu unatoč postojanju zakona i propisa namijenjenih rješavanju tog problema. Stoga, unatoč tome što je seksualno uznemiravanje adekvatno adresirano u nacionalnom zakonodavstvu, implementacija tih normi u praksi često ostaje nepotpuna i manjkava upravo zbog nedostatka razumijevanja i svijesti o ozbiljnosti ovog problema, što je uzrokovano opisanim društvenim stavovima. Cilj ovog rada je odgovoriti na sljedeće pitanje: koje su najučinkovitije mjere i strategije za rješavanje problema seksualnog uznemiravanja na radnom mjestu u korijenu, odnosno, kako utjecati na stereotipe i norme koje leže u osnovi ovog problema? Iz tog razloga, rad će započeti objašnjavanjem multidimenzionalne prirode ovog problema, budući da to nije samo pravno pitanje, već i problem psihološke i društvene prirode. U istom poglavlju bit će istraženi različiti oblici koje ovo ponašanje može poprimiti, kao i njegove posljedice, budući da ono može imati dugotrajne i ozbiljne učinke na žrtvu. Nadalje, trendovi, pravni okvir i sudska praksa vezani uz seksualno uznemiravanje će biti izloženi, kako u kontekstu Europske unije općenito, tako i specifično u Republici Hrvatskoj. Konačno, u radu će biti predložena moguća rješenja problema seksualnog uznemiravanja. |
| Abstract (english) | Sexual harassment is a complex issue that often goes unnoticed, and its consequences are frequently downplayed, creating fear and shame in the victim, preventing them from speaking out and sharing their experience. Sexual harassment in the workplace is also a pervasive issue that transcends cultural, legal, and geographical boundaries, posing a global problem that, despite being criminalized in many systems, continues to persist with the same intensity. It remains a major issue that affects individuals in a variety of industries and professions despite multiple laws and policies intended to eradicate it, which suggests that the persistence of this issue is a result of interplay of various factors. For the aforementioned reasons, the purpose of this paper is to emphasize the importance of factors that often remain overlooked when discussing this issue yet are decisive in the fact that it stubbornly persists. Workplace sexual harassment persists not due to the absence of legal frameworks or organizational policies, which indeed exist at national, EU as well as international level, but because of societal attitudes and norms that foster to normalization of such behaviour. The persistence of sexual harassment in the workplace is primarily influenced by deeply ingrained gender stereotypes regarding the roles of women and men, and related to this, power dynamics that are at the very foundation of this behaviour. These societal attitudes and norms lead to the creation of an environment where measures introduced specifically for the purpose of combating sexual harassment are not adequately implemented, due to a lack of understanding of the aforementioned issue, both at the societal level and at the individual level. As a result, these deeply ingrained views and norms greatly contribute to the persistence of workplace sexual harassment despite the existence of laws and regulations intended to address it. Therefore, despite sexual harassment being adequately addressed in national legislation, the implementation of these norms in practice is often incomplete and flawed precisely due to the lack of understanding and awareness of the seriousness of this issue, which is caused by the social attitudes just described. The aim of this paper is to answer the following question: what are the most effective measures and strategies for addressing the issue of workplace sexual harassment at its root, namely, how to influence the stereotypes and norms that lie at the foundation of this problem? For this reason, the paper will begin by explaining the multidimensional nature of this issue, as it is not only a legal issue but also a problem of psychological and social nature. In the same chapter, various forms this behaviour can take will be explored, as well as its consequences, as this is a problem that can have long-lasting and severe effects on the victim. Furthermore, trends, legal framework and judicial practices related to sexual harassment will be presented, both in the context of the European Union in general and specifically in the Republic of Croatia. Finally, possible solutions to the issue of sexual harassment will be proposed in the paper. |
