Title Normativni okvir kaznenoga djela „Zlouporabe povjerenja u gospodarskom poslovanju“ i praktični izazovi suvremenoga gospodarskoga kriminala
Title (english) Normative framework of the criminal offense "Abuse of trust in business dealings" and practical challenges of modern economic crime
Author Leon Kovačić
Mentor Sunčana Roksandić (mentor)
Committee member Marta Dragičević Prtenjača (predsjednik povjerenstva)
Granter University of Zagreb Faculty of Law Zagreb
Defense date and country 2024-03-08, Croatia
Scientific / art field, discipline and subdiscipline SOCIAL SCIENCES Law Criminal Law, Criminal Procedure Law, Criminology and Victimology
Universal decimal classification (UDC ) 303 - Methods of the social sciences
Abstract Gospodarsko kazneno pravo na području Hrvatske počelo se razvijati početkom XII. stoljeća.
Gospodarska kaznena djela promjenjivog su karaktera, pa zbog toga kazneno pravo uglavnom
kasni za novim pojavnim oblicima tih kaznenih djela. Razumijevanje razvitka tih pojavnih
oblika važno nam je da bismo razumjeli postojeću pravnu regulativu te da bismo mogli razlučiti
nezakonito od zakonitog gospodarskog poslovanja.
Prateći austrougarsko kazneno zakonodavstvo, naše zakonodavstvo razvijalo se usporedno te
bismo mogli reći da je gospodarsko-kaznenopravna regulativa bila modernog karaktera sve do
1939. Deset godina poslije dolazi do prekida kaznenopravnog kontinuiteta te se u sklopu SFRJ
razvija novi oblik gospodarskog kaznenog prava, koji nije poznavao privatno vlasništvo.
Takav oblik zakonodavstva sasvim je dobro funkcionirao u socijalističkom ustrojstvu, no nakon
osamostaljenja Republike Hrvatske te prelaskom na tržišno gospodarstvo kaznenopravno
zakonodavstvo kasnilo je s razvitkom gospodarskih kaznenih djela. Gospodarsko kazneno
pravo i dalje je obuhvaćalo neke oblike kaznenih djela koji su prethodno spadali ponajprije u
službenička kaznena djela. U tome je ležao uteg, koji i danas opterećuje domaće pravosuđe kroz
predmete koji su u tijeku. Naime kada smo konačno dobili moderno gospodarsko kazneno
pravo, koje razlučuje privatno od državnog vlasništva te službenička kaznena djela od „pravih“
gospodarskih kaznenih djela, u praksi su se pojavile nedoumice kako riješiti optužnice
podignute po ranijim kaznenim zakonima, u kojima te razlike nisu bile najjasnije.
Kaznenopravna teorija nije imala nedoumica kada je naš zakonodavac propisao kazneno djelo
zlouporabe povjerenja u gospodarskom poslovanju iz čl. 246. KZ-a po uzoru na njemački
Untreue iz čl. 266. StGB-a. No kaznenopravna praksa odlučila je uglavnom krenuti drugim
putem tvrdeći da za postojanje tog kaznenog djela nije bitno da šteta doista i nastupi. Takvi
zaključci doveli su nas do pravne nesigurnosti, koja je potvrđena i odlukom Ustavnog suda
Republike Hrvatske o tom pitanju. Proučavanjem sudske prakse uočeni su i drugi problemi,
koji se zapravo nastavljaju na spomenuti problem. Tu je ponajprije pitanje supočinitelja, koji
nema svojstvo odgovorne osobe onako kako ga traži zakonski opis ovog kaznenog djela. Naime
da bi netko bio odgovorna osoba u pravnoj osobi, ponajprije je potrebno da je dužan brinuti se
za imovinske interese pravne osobe koju zastupa. Praksa ovdje pogrešno rješava slučajeve u
kojima takva odgovorna osoba kao supočinitelj pribavlja korist svojoj pravnoj osobi. Razmotrit
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će se i poredbenopravna rješenja koja nudi nama u ovom pitanju sličan slovenski Kazneni zakon
i sudska praksa, a prikazat će se i rješenje koje nudi zakonodavstvo s područja Velike Britanije.
Time će biti ponuđen odgovor na dva temeljna istraživačka pitanja.
Konačno, ali ne i manje važno, rad će objasniti i određene pojavne oblike gospodarskog
kriminaliteta koji su nastali na području Republike Hrvatske kao rezultat provedene tranzicije
i procesa privatizacije, a koji su desetljećima bili prisutni u domaćem gospodarskom
kriminalitetu. Ti oblici gospodarskog kriminaliteta, osim što su sami po sebi zanimljivi, važni
su nam i za razumijevanje potrebe strožeg kažnjavanja težih oblika gospodarskih kaznenih
djela, ponajprije spomenutog kaznenog djela zlouporabe povjerenja u gospodarskom
poslovanju iz čl. 246. KZ-a. U navedenom dijelu razmotrit će se je li razmjerno blago
kažnjavanje tog kaznenog djela u njegovu teškom obliku opravdano te bi li svrha kažnjavanja
za ta kaznena djela bila upotpunjena uvođenjem obligatorne sporedne novčane kazne, ili bi ona
ipak trebala ostati na fakultativnoj razini. U tu svrhu, a radi razjašnjenja ove hipoteze, prikazat
će se i rezultati istraživanja koje je u vidu intervjua s praktičarima provedeno putem upitnika.
Abstract (english) Economic criminal law began to develop in the territory of the Republic of Croatia at the
beginning of the 12th century. century. Economic crimes are of a changing nature, so criminal
law generally lags behind new forms of these crimes. Understanding the development of these
phenomena is important for us in order to understand the existing legal regulations and to be
able to distinguish illegal from legal business operations.
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Following the Austro-Hungarian criminal legislation, our legislation developed in parallel, and
we could say that the economic criminal law regulation was of a modern character until 1939.
Ten years later, there was a break in criminal law continuity, and a new form of economic
criminal law was developed within the SFRY, which did not recognize private property .
This form of legislation functioned quite well in the socialist system, but after the independence
of the Republic of Croatia and the transition to a market economy, criminal law legislation
lagged behind the development of economic crimes. Economic criminal law still included some
forms of criminal offenses that previously belonged primarily to official criminal offenses. This
was the weight that still burdens the domestic judiciary through ongoing cases. Because when
we finally got a modern form of economic criminal law that distinguishes private from state
property and official crimes from "real" economic crimes, doubts arose in practice about how
to resolve indictments brought under earlier criminal laws in which these differences were not
the clearest. Criminal law theory had no doubts when our legislator prescribed the criminal
offense of breach of trust in economic operations from Art. 246 of the CC based on the German
"Untreue" from Art. 266 StGB. However, the criminal law practice decided to go the other way,
claiming that damage is not essential for the existence of this criminal act. Such conclusions
led us to legal uncertainty, which was also confirmed by the decision of the Constitutional Court
of the Republic of Croatia on this issue. By studying the judicial practice, other problems were
observed which actually continue on the mentioned problem. There is primarily the issue of an
accomplice who does not have the capacity of a responsible person as required by the legal
description of this criminal act. Namely, in order for someone to be a responsible person in a
legal entity, it is primarily necessary that he is obliged to take care of the property interests of
the legal entity he represents. The practice here wrongly resolves cases in which such a
responsible person, as an accomplice, obtains a benefit for his legal entity. Comparative legal
solutions offered by similar Slovenian criminal law and court practice will be considered, and
the solution offered by legislation from Great Britain will also be presented. This will provide
an answer to the two fundamental hypotheses of this paper.
Last but not least, the paper will also explain certain emerging forms of economic crime that
arose in the territory of the Republic of Croatia as a result of the implemented transition and
privatization process, and which have been present in domestic economic crime for decades.
These forms of economic crime, apart from being interesting in themselves, are also important
for our understanding of the need for stricter punishment of more serious forms of economic
8
crimes, primarily the mentioned criminal offense of breach of trust in economic operations from
Art. 246. CC. In the aforementioned part, it will be considered whether the relatively mild
punishment of this criminal offense in its serious form is justified and whether the purpose of
punishment for these criminal offenses would be completed by the introduction of a mandatory
secondary fine or it should still remain at the optional level. For this purpose, and in order to
clarify this hypothesis, the results of the research conducted in the form of interviews with
practitioners through questionnaires will be presented.
Keywords
gospodarska kaznena djela
povijesni razvoj gospodarskih kaznenih djela
zlouporaba položaja i ovlasti iz čl. 337. Kaznenog zakona iz 1997.
zlouporaba povjerenja u gospodarskom poslovanju iz čl. 246. Kaznenog zakona iz 2011.
supočiniteljstvo
nužno sudioništvo
sporedna novčana kazna
Keywords (english)
economic crimes
historical development of economic crimes
abuse of position and authority from art. 337 of the Criminal Code
abuse of trust in economic operations from Art. 246 of the Criminal Code
complicity
necessary participation
secondary fine
Language croatian
URN:NBN urn:nbn:hr:199:704739
Promotion 2024
Study programme Title: Criminal Law (Postgraduate doctoral study programme in Legal Sciences) Study programme type: university Study level: postgraduate Academic / professional title: doktor/doktorica znanosti, područje društvenih znanosti, polje pravo (doktor/doktorica znanosti, područje društvenih znanosti, polje pravo)
Type of resource Text
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Created on 2024-03-14 10:00:19