Title Kaznena djela protiv spolne slobode Title (english) Criminal ofences against sexual freedom Author Borna Brkić Mentor Maja Munivrana (mentor)Committee member Maja Munivrana (predsjednik povjerenstva)Committee member Sunčana Roksandić (član povjerenstva)Committee member Aleksandar Maršavelski (član povjerenstva)Granter University of Zagreb Defense date and country 2023-07-07, Croatia Scientific / art field, SOCIAL SCIENCES Abstract U današnjem duhu vremena, ostvarenje spolne slobode, a posebice njezina zaštita postavljaju pitanja od iznimne važnosti pritom gradeći temelje za slobodu spolnog života budućih generacija. U ovom diplomskom radu, istražujem kaznena djela protiv spolne slobode, posebno se posvećujući distinkciji između kaznenog djela silovanja (The crime of rape) i kaznenog djela bludnih radnji (The crime of fornification) u hrvatskom kaznenom zakonodavstvu. Kazneni zakon iz 1997. godine propisuje da je kazneno djelo silovanja počinjeno kada počinitelj drugu osobu uporabom sile ili prijetnje da će izravno napasti na njezin život ili tijelo njoj bliske osobe prisili na spolni odnošaj ili s njim izjednačenu spolnu radnju. Napad u obliku primjene sile prema žrtvi ili bliskoj osobi ili prijetnja izravnim poduzimanjem napada na žrtvu ili blisku osobu vremenski moraju prethoditi spolnom odnošaju ili s njim izjednačenoj spolnoj radnji. Otpor žrtve (resistance of the victim) mora biti ozbiljan, što znači da se njime izražava nedvosmislena odluka o protivljenju spolnom odnošaju ili s njime izjednačenoj spolnoj radnji s određenom osobom. Bračna zajednica nema utjecaj na postojanje kaznenog djela. Spolni odnošaj bez pristanka uveden je novim Kaznenim zakonom iz 2011. godine. Novina uvedena Kaznenim zakonom iz 2011. godine vidljiva je u kaznenom djelu spolnog odnošaja bez pristanka po tome što po sebi podrazumijeva svaki spolni odnošaj bez pristanka žrtve, a kazneno djelo silovanja postaje kvalificirani oblik tog kaznenog djela. Navodi se da pristanak (consent) postoji kada osoba svojom voljom odluči stupiti u spolni odnošaj ili s njime izjednačenu spolnu radnju i kada je ona sposobna donijeti i izraziti takvu odluku. Također se smatra da takvog pristanka nema ako je spolni odnošaj ili s njime izjednačena spolna radnja izvršena uz uporabu prijetnje (threat), prijevare, zlouporabom položaja prema osobi koja se prema počinitelju nalazi u odnosu zavisnosti, iskorištavanjem stanja osobe zbog kojeg ona nije bila sposobna izraziti svoje odbijanje, ili nad osobom kojoj je protupravno oduzeta sloboda. Bitno je naglasiti da se uvođenjem novih kaznenih djela kao što je spolni odnošaj bez pristanka stvorio problem pri određivanju samog kaznenog djela koje je bilo počinjeno nad žrtvom.
Kazneno djelo bludnih radnji razlikuje se od kaznenog djela silovanja jer je to supsidijarno kazneno djelo. Kad dođe do počinjenja kaznenog djela bludnih radnji, nije došlo ni do pokušaja počinjenja kaznenog djela silovanja ili kaznenog djela spolnog odnošaja bez pristanka ili teškog kaznenog djela protiv spolne slobode. Za razgraničenje između bludnih radnji i pokušaja navedenih kaznenih djela odlučna je usmjerenost volje (orientation of will), tj. je li počinitelj radnju koja nije spolni odnošaj niti je s njime izjednačena zamislio samo kao etapu u počinjenju tih kaznenih djela (tada je to pokušaj tih djela) ili se mislio zadovoljiti njome (tada je samo bludna radnja). Bludne radnje obuhvaćaju akte zadovoljenja spolnog nagona na tijelu ili dodirom tijela druge osobe u okolnostima pod kojima se čine kaznena djela iz članaka 188. - 192. KZ/97. U kaznenom zakonu iz 2011. godine, teže okolnosti djela tako predstavljaju kvalificirani oblik ovog kaznenog djela.
Pokušaj bludnih radnji je moguć, ali nije kažnjiv.
Republika Hrvatska bi zbog velikog interesa javnosti za praćenje predmeta vezanih uz seksualno nasilje trebala imati usklađeniju i manje kapricioznu sudsku praksu, no isto tako radi na usklađivanju svojih zakona sa standardima ljudskih prava. Zaključno, društvo mora napredovati prema tome da žene i muškarci u Republici Hrvatskoj budu dovoljno zaštićeni za ulazak u spolne odnose bez straha te dovoljno sigurni da će njihov ne pristanak na spolni odnošaj ili druge radnje imati veću snagu nego što je imao dosad.
Abstract (english) In today's spirit of the times, the realization of sexual freedom, and especially its protection, raises questions of exceptional importance while building the foundations for the freedom of sexual life of future generations. In this thesis, I investigate criminal offenses against sexual freedom, especially devoting myself to the distinction between the crime of and the crime of fornification in Croatian criminal legislation. The Penal Code from 1997 stipulates that the criminal offense of rape is committed when the perpetrator forces another person to have sexual intercourse or a sexual act equivalent to it by using force or threatening to directly attack their life or the body of a person close to them. An attack in the form of the use of force against the victim or a close person or the threat of direct attack on the victim or a close person must precede sexual intercourse or a sexual act equated with it. The resistance of the victim must be serious, which means that it expresses an unequivocal decision to oppose sexual intercourse or a sexual act equated with it with a certain person. Marriage has no influence on the existence of a criminal act. Sexual intercourse without consent was introduced by the new Criminal Code from 2011. The novelty introduced by the Criminal Code from 2011 is visible in the criminal offense of sexual intercourse without consent in that it implies any sexual intercourse without the consent of the victim, and the criminal offense of rape becomes a qualified form of this criminal offense. It is stated that consent exists when a person voluntarily decides to engage in sexual intercourse or a sexual act equivalent to it and when he is capable of making and expressing such a decision. It is also considered that there is no such consent if the sexual relationship or a sexual act equated with it was carried out with the use of threats, fraud, abuse of position towards a person who is in a relationship of dependence towards the perpetrator, taking advantage of the person's condition due to which he was not able to express his refusal, or over a person who was unlawfully deprived of his freedom. It is important to emphasize that the introduction of new criminal offenses such as sexual intercourse without consent created a problem in determining the actual criminal offense that was committed against the victim.
The crime of fornication is different from the crime of rape because it is a subsidiary crime. When the crime of fornication is committed, there is no attempt to commit the crime of rape or the crime of sexual intercourse without consent or a serious crime against sexual freedom.
The orientation of the will (orientation of will) is decisive for the demarcation between lewd acts and attempted criminal acts, i.e. whether the perpetrator conceived of an act that is not sexual intercourse or equated with it only as a stage in the commission of these criminal acts (in that case, it is an attempt of these acts) or thought to be satisfied with it (then it is only a fornicating act). Fornication includes acts of satisfying the sexual urge on the body or by touching the body of another person in the circumstances under which criminal acts from articles 188 - 192 CC/97 are committed. In the Criminal Code from 2011, the more serious circumstances of the offense thus represent a qualified form of this criminal offense.
Attempting fornication is possible, but not punishable.
Due to the great public interest in monitoring cases related to sexual violence, the Republic of Croatia should have a more harmonized and less capricious judicial practice, but it is also working on harmonizing its laws with human rights standards. In conclusion, society must progress towards ensuring that women and men in the Republic of Croatia are sufficiently protected to enter into sexual relations without fear and sufficiently confident that their non-consent to sexual intercourse or other actions will have greater force than it has had so far.
Keywords
Kazneno djelo silovanja
Kazneno djelo bludnih radnji
Otpor žrtve
Prijetnja
Usmjerenost volje
Pristanak
Keywords (english)
(The crime of rape) (The crime of fornification) (resistance of the victim) (threat)
(orientation of will) (consent)
Language croatian URN:NBN urn:nbn:hr:199:914815 Study programme Title: Law Type of resource Text File origin Born digital Access conditions Open access Terms of use Created on 2023-07-13 10:00:38
