| Abstract | 5G mreža predstavlja petu generaciju pokretnih mobilnih mreža i unosi takve promjene koje su nam do jučer bile nezamislive npr. otvara nam mogućnost samovozećih automobila koji bi uz ažuriranu navigaciju mogli sigurno prevoziti putnike, u poljoprivredi je moguće pametno navodnjavanje i zaštita nasada uz pomoć raznih senzora, dok se u medicini razmatra izvođenje kirurških zahvata putem robota u operacijskoj dvorani. 5G mreža je svojevrsna nadogradnja prethodnih generacija koje su bile njezina preteča i to 1G, 2G, 3G i 4G mreže. Za razliku od prethodnih generacija mobilnih mreža prijenos podataka i videozapisa visoke kvalitete odvija se gigabitnim brzinama. Ovaj rad pokušat će približiti što je ustvari 5G mreža te kako je ona pravno regulirana u RH. Rad 5G mreže mora udovoljiti raznim pravnim kriterijima kako bi ona bila implementirana i puštena u promet. Europska unija je napravila prvi korak u ubrzanju razvoja mreža velikih brzina donošenjem Europske direktive 2002/21 EZ kako bi potaknula infrastrukturne operatore na ulaganje i razvoj elektroničkih komunikacijskih mreža i infrastrukture. Navedena direktiva uvodi institut prava puta kao prava na izgradnju i postavljanje elektroničke komunikacijske infrastrukture na, iznad ili ispod javnog ili privatnog zemljišta ili zgrade. Pravo puta je institut koji omogućava da se elektronička komunikacijska infrastruktura i druga povezana oprema postave na tuđoj nekretnini, ako su ispunjene zakonske pretpostavke i kao takvo predstavlja svojevrsno ograničenje prava vlasništva. Ono na neki način legalizira bespravno izgrađenu pokretninu koja je postavljena prije donošenja ZEK-a iz 2008. godine, ako infrastrukturni operator nije uredio svoje imovinske odnose prema odredbama ZV-a. Od stvarnih prava se razlikuje po tome što se ne upisuje u zemljišne knjige već HAKOM vodi posebnu evidenciju o izdanim potvrdama o pravu puta i te se tako ostvaruje načelo javnosti odnosno publiciteta. Potvrda o pravu puta je svojevrsni dokument koji se izdaje na zahtjev infrastrukturnog operatora koji je stekao pravo puta na temelju odredaba ZEK-a. Navedena potvrda je deklaratorne naravi i ona samo utvrđuje postojanje prava puta u trenutku ispunjenja jedne od zakonskih pretpostavki koje su propisane ZEK-om. Ovom potvrdom ne dolazi do nastanka prava puta jer ZEK jasno propisuje kad ono nastaje. RH je institut prava puta ugradila u Zakon o elektroničkim komunikacijama te omogućila infrastrukturnim operatorima da pravo postavljanja elektroničke komunikacijske opreme lakše ostvare. Međutim, pravo postavljanja elektroničke komunikacijske opreme moguće je ostvariti i prema odredbama Zakona o vlasništvu i drugim stvarnim pravima, ako infrastrukturni operator to pravo ne bi ostvario prema odredbama Zakona o elektroničkim komunikacijama. Ako bi infrastrukturni operator zasnovao pravo puta tada bi odredbe ZEK-a bile lex specialis prema odredbama ZV-a. Vlasnik nekretnine dužan je poštovati ova pravila koja se odnose na ograničenje njegova prava vlasništva. Pravo puta zapravo kroz minimalne zahtjeve pomaže što bržem razvoju i širenju mreža velikih brzina. |
| Abstract (english) | The 5G network represents the fifth generation of mobile networks and introduces such changes that were unimaginable to us until yesterday, for example, it opens up the possibility of self-driving cars that could safely transport passengers with updated navigation, in agriculture it is possible to smartly irrigate and protect plantations with the help of various sensors, while in medicine, the performance of surgical procedures by means of robots in the operating room is being considered. The 5G network is a kind of upgrade of the previous generations, which were its forerunners, namely 1G, 2G, 3G and 4G networks. Unlike previous generations of mobile networks, high-quality data and video transmission takes place at gigabit speeds. This paper will try to bring closer what the 5G network actually is and how it is legally regulated in the Republic of Croatia. The operation of the 5G network must meet various legal criteria in order for it to be implemented and put into circulation. The European Union took the first step in accelerating the development of high-speed networks by adopting European Directive 2002/21 EC to encourage infrastructure operators to invest in and develop electronic communication networks and infrastructure. The said directive introduces the institute of right of way as the right to build and install electronic communications infrastructure on, above or below public or private land or a building. The right of way is an institute that allows electronic communication infrastructure and other related equipment to be installed on someone else's real estate, if the legal requirements are met, and as such it represents a kind of limitation of ownership rights. In a way, it legalizes illegally built movable property that was installed before the adoption of the ZEK from 2008, if the infrastructure operator did not arrange its property relations according to the provisions of the ZV.
It differs from real rights in that it is not entered in the land register, but HAKOM keeps special records of issued certificates of right of way, and thus the principle of publicity or publicity is realized. The right-of-way certificate is a kind of document that is issued at the request of the infrastructure operator who has acquired the right-of-way based on the provisions of the ZEK. The aforementioned certificate is of a declaratory nature and it only establishes the existence of the right of way at the moment of fulfillment of one of the legal assumptions prescribed by the ZEK. This confirmation does not result in the creation of the right of way because the ZEK clearly prescribes when it is created. The Republic of Croatia incorporated the right-of-way institute into the Electronic Communications Act and enabled infrastructure operators to exercise the right to install electronic communications equipment more easily. However, the right to install electronic communication equipment can also be exercised according to the provisions of the Law on Property and Other Real Rights, if the infrastructure operator would not exercise this right according to the provisions of the Law on Electronic Communications. If the infrastructure operator were to establish the right of way, then the provisions of the ZEK would be lex specialis according to the provisions of the ZV. The owner of the property is obliged to comply with these rules, which refer to the limitation of his right of ownership. The right-of-way actually helps the development and expansion of high-speed networks as quickly as possible through minimal requirements. |
